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Compare Arctic Ocean (2008) - Liechtenstein (2001)
Compare Arctic Ocean (2008) z Liechtenstein (2001)
| Arctic Ocean (2008) | Liechtenstein (2001) | |
 |  | |
| Administrative divisions | - | 11 communes (gemeinden, singular - gemeinde); Balzers, Eschen, Gamprin, Mauren, Planken, Ruggell, Schaan, Schellenberg, Triesen, Triesenberg, Vaduz |
| Age structure | - | 0-14 years:
18.41% (male 2,992; female 2,996) 15-64 years: 70.6% (male 11,455; female 11,511) 65 years and over: 10.99% (male 1,439; female 2,135) (2001 est.) |
| Agriculture - products | - | wheat, barley, corn, potatoes; livestock, dairy products |
| Airports | - | none |
| Area | total: 14.056 million sq km
note: includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, Northwest Passage, and other tributary water bodies |
total:
160 sq km land: 160 sq km water: 0 sq km |
| Area - comparative | slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US | about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC |
| Background | The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the world's five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and the recently delimited Southern Ocean). The Northwest Passage (US and Canada) and Northern Sea Route (Norway and Russia) are two important seasonal waterways. A sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes circumscribes the Arctic Ocean. | The Principality of Liechtenstein was established within the Holy Roman Empire in 1719; it became a sovereign state in 1806. Until the end of World War I, it was closely tied to Austria, but the economic devastation caused by that conflict forced Liechtenstein to conclude a customs and monetary union with Switzerland. Since World War II (in which Liechtenstein remained neutral) the country's low taxes have spurred outstanding economic growth. However, shortcomings in banking regulatory oversight have resulted in concerns about the use of the financial institutions for money laundering. |
| Birth rate | - | 11.53 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) |
| Budget | - | revenues:
$424.2 million expenditures: $414.1 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.) |
| Capital | - | Vaduz |
| Climate | polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow | continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers |
| Coastline | 45,389 km | 0 km (landlocked) |
| Constitution | - | 5 October 1921 |
| Country name | - | conventional long form:
Principality of Liechtenstein conventional short form: Liechtenstein local long form: Fuerstentum Liechtenstein local short form: Liechtenstein |
| Currency | - | Swiss franc (CHF) |
| Death rate | - | 6.7 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) |
| Debt - external | - | $0 (1996) |
| Diplomatic representation from the US | - | the US does not have an embassy in Liechtenstein, but the US Ambassador to Switzerland is also accredited to Liechtenstein |
| Diplomatic representation in the US | - | Liechtenstein's Ambassador to the US, Claudia FRITSCHE, is dually accredited to the UN in New York |
| Disputes - international | some maritime disputes (see littoral states) | Liechtenstein's royal family claims restitution for 1,600 sq km of land in the Czech Republic confiscated in 1918 |
| Economic aid - recipient | - | none |
| Economy - overview | Economic activity is limited to the exploitation of natural resources, including petroleum, natural gas, fish, and seals. | Despite its small size and limited natural resources, Liechtenstein has developed into a prosperous, highly industrialized, free-enterprise economy with a vital financial service sector and living standards on a par with the urban areas of its large European neighbors. Low business taxes - the maximum tax rate is 18% - and easy incorporation rules have induced 73,700 holding or so-called letter box companies to establish nominal offices in Liechtenstein, providing 30% of state revenues. The country participates in a customs union with Switzerland and uses the Swiss franc as its national currency. It imports more than 90% of its energy requirements. Liechtenstein has been a member of the European Economic Area (an organization serving as a bridge between European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and EU) since May 1995. The government is working to harmonize its economic policies with those of an integrated Europe. |
| Electricity - consumption | - | NA kWh |
| Electricity - exports | - | NA kWh |
| Electricity - imports | - | NA kWh |
| Electricity - production by source | - | fossil fuel:
NA% hydro: NA% nuclear: NA% other: NA% |
| Elevation extremes | lowest point: Fram Basin -4,665 m
highest point: sea level 0 m |
lowest point:
Ruggeller Riet 430 m highest point: Grauspitz 2,599 m |
| Environment - current issues | endangered marine species include walruses and whales; fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from disruptions or damage; thinning polar icepack | NA |
| Environment - international agreements | - | party to:
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea |
| Ethnic groups | - | Alemannic 87.5%, Italian, Turkish, and other 12.5% |
| Exchange rates | - | Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.6303 (January 2001), 1.6888 (2000), 1.5022 (1999), 1.4498 (1998), 1.4513 (1997), 1.2360 (1996) |
| Executive branch | - | chief of state:
Prince HANS ADAM II (since 13 November 1989, assumed executive powers 26 August 1984); Heir Apparent Prince ALOIS, son of the monarch (born 11 June 1968) head of government: Head of Government Mario FRICK (since 15 December 1993) and Deputy Head of Government Michael RITTER (since 2 February 1997) cabinet: Cabinet elected by the Diet; confirmed by the monarch elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party in the Diet is usually appointed the head of government by the monarch and the leader of the largest minority party in the Diet is usually appointed the deputy head of government by the monarch |
| Exports | - | $2.47 billion (1996) |
| Exports - commodities | - | small specialty machinery, dental products, stamps, hardware, pottery |
| Exports - partners | - | EU and EFTA countries 60.57% (Switzerland 15.7%) (1995) |
| Fiscal year | - | calendar year |
| Flag description | - | two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold crown on the hoist side of the blue band |
| GDP | - | purchasing power parity - $730 million (1998 est.) |
| GDP - composition by sector | - | agriculture:
NA% industry: NA% services: NA% |
| GDP - per capita | - | purchasing power parity - $23,000 (1998 est.) |
| GDP - real growth rate | - | NA% |
| Geographic coordinates | 90 00 N, 0 00 E | 47 10 N, 9 32 E |
| Geography - note | major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait); strategic location between North America and Russia; shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and western Russia; floating research stations operated by the US and Russia; maximum snow cover in March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean; snow cover lasts about 10 months | along with Uzbekistan, one of only two doubly landlocked countries in the world; variety of microclimatic variations based on elevation |
| Highways | - | total:
250 km paved: 250 km unpaved: 0 km |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share | - | lowest 10%:
NA% highest 10%: NA% |
| Illicit drugs | - | multilateral organizations engaged in issuing international guidelines for financial sector oversight have found gaps in Liechtenstein's financial services controls that make it vulnerable to money laundering |
| Imports | - | $917.3 million (1996) |
| Imports - commodities | - | machinery, metal goods, textiles, foodstuffs, motor vehicles |
| Imports - partners | - | EU countries, Switzerland (1996) |
| Independence | - | 23 January 1719 Imperial Principality of Liechtenstein established; 12 July 1806 established independence from the Holy Roman Empire |
| Industrial production growth rate | - | NA% |
| Industries | - | electronics, metal manufacturing, textiles, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, food products, precision instruments, tourism |
| Infant mortality rate | - | 4.99 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices) | - | 0.5% (1997 est.) |
| International organization participation | - | CE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, IAEA, ICRM, IFRCS, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO (observer), WIPO, WTrO |
| Internet Service Providers (ISPs) | - | 44 (Liechtenstein and Switzerland) (2000) |
| Irrigated land | - | NA sq km |
| Judicial branch | - | Supreme Court or Oberster Gerichtshof; Superior Court or Obergericht |
| Labor force | - | 22,891 of which 13,847 are foreigners; 8,231 commute from Austria and Switzerland to work each day |
| Labor force - by occupation | - | industry, trade, and building 45%, services 53%, agriculture, fishing, forestry, and horticulture 2% (1997 est.) |
| Land boundaries | - | total:
76 km border countries: Austria 35 km, Switzerland 41 km |
| Land use | - | arable land:
24% permanent crops: 0% permanent pastures: 16% forests and woodland: 35% other: 25% (1993 est.) |
| Languages | - | German (official), Alemannic dialect |
| Legal system | - | local civil and penal codes; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations |
| Legislative branch | - | unicameral Diet or Landtag (25 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote under proportional representation to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held on 9-11 February 2001 (next to be held by NA 2005) election results: percent of vote by party - FBP 49.90%, VU 41.35%, FL 8.71%; seats by party - FBP 13, VU 11, FL 1 |
| Life expectancy at birth | - | total population:
78.95 years male: 75.32 years female: 82.6 years (2001 est.) |
| Literacy | - | definition:
age 10 and over can read and write total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100% (1981 est.) |
| Location | body of water between Europe, Asia, and North America, mostly north of the Arctic Circle | Central Europe, between Austria and Switzerland |
| Map references | Arctic Region | Europe |
| Maritime claims | - | none (landlocked) |
| Military - note | - | defense is the responsibility of Switzerland |
| National holiday | - | Assumption Day, 15 August |
| Nationality | - | noun:
Liechtensteiner(s) adjective: Liechtenstein |
| Natural hazards | ice islands occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; permafrost in islands; virtually ice locked from October to June; ships subject to superstructure icing from October to May | NA |
| Natural resources | sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales) | hydroelectric potential, arable land |
| Net migration rate | - | 4.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) |
| Political parties and leaders | - | Fatherland Union or VU [Dr. Oswald KRANZ]; Progressive Citizens' Party or FBP [Dr. Ernst WALCH]; The Free List or FL [Dr. Pepo FRICK, Karin JENNY, Rene HASLER] |
| Political pressure groups and leaders | - | NA |
| Population | - | 32,528 (July 2001 est.) |
| Population below poverty line | - | NA% |
| Population growth rate | - | 0.98% (2001 est.) |
| Ports and harbors | - | none |
| Radio broadcast stations | - | AM 0, FM 4, shortwave 0 (1998) |
| Radios | - | 21,000 (1997) |
| Railways | - | total:
18.5 km; note - owned, operated, and included in statistics of Austrian Federal Railways standard gauge: 18.5 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified) |
| Religions | - | Roman Catholic 80%, Protestant 7.4%, unknown 7.7%, other 4.9% (1996) |
| Sex ratio | - | at birth:
1.01 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.) |
| Suffrage | - | 20 years of age; universal |
| Telephone system | - | general assessment:
automatic telephone system domestic: NA international: linked to Swiss networks by cable and microwave radio relay |
| Telephones - main lines in use | - | 20,000 (1997) |
| Telephones - mobile cellular | - | NA |
| Television broadcast stations | - | NA (linked to Swiss networks) (1997) |
| Terrain | central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack that, on average, is about 3 meters thick, although pressure ridges may be three times that thickness; clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream, but nearly straight-line movement from the New Siberian Islands (Russia) to Denmark Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the icepack is surrounded by open seas during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter and extends to the encircling landmasses; the ocean floor is about 50% continental shelf (highest percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a central basin interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera, Nansen Cordillera, and Lomonosov Ridge) | mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western third |
| Total fertility rate | - | 1.5 children born/woman (2001 est.) |
| Transportation - note | sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes; the Northwest Passage (North America) and Northern Sea Route (Eurasia) are important seasonal waterways | - |
| Unemployment rate | - | 1.8% (February 1999) |
| Waterways | - | none |
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